The effect of intentionality on leadership development : a single-subject case study

The purpose of this single-subject case study was to examine the effect of intentionality on leadership development, employing the theoretical frameworks of Positive Organizational Scholarship and Multiple Realities. The two fundamental research questions that drove this study were: 1) What happened in the intentional leadership workshops that caused or did not cause a change in the anticipated behavior of informants? 2) What effect did the intentional leadership training workshops have on informants and their organizations? Data were collected according to the protocols of case study design, and were analyzed deductively

Copperhead Hollow (38CT58): Middle Holocene Upland Conditions on the Piedmont-Coastal Plain Margin.

Excavation during July and August 1992 at 38G758 east of Jefferson, South Carolina, revealed an active Middle Holocene sand dune with buried Morrow Mountain and Guilford components on the lee side. 77e site is located on the upland margin overlooking a tributary of the Lynches River. Although it is possible that the artifact stratigraphy represents lowering as described by Michie (1990), three lines of internal evidence suggest that the components are partially in place. The lines of evidence are artifact size analysis, distribution of components relative to sand dune topography, and coherence of features. 77w Middle Holocene climatic contest of the site is inferred from global scale climate variables which suggest that desiccated uplands are a reasonable hypothesis. A Guilford feature, a cluster of large fire-cracked rock, was found to contain small fragments of bone which dated t? 5,350f60 B.?. 77e site was covered which dated t? 5,350 ±60 B.?. 77e site was covered with longleaf pines during the subsequent 1,000 years. Site 38L15 southeast of Columbia appears to be a similar dune site with buried middle Holocene components

Influences of Various Forcing Variables on Global Energy Balance During the Period of Intensive Instrumental Observation (1953-1987) and Their Implications for Paleoclimate

Consistent, accurate, and numerous measures of global scale atmospheric variables have been collected since about 1958. A time series of 30 years duration was assembled to investigate contributing factors to the global energy balance. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), CO2 changes, and variation in solar energy output account for a quarter or more each of the variability in global energy balance. Upper atmospheric aerosols contribute, but less significantly and in a more complex way. The analysis suggests a hypothesis that has hearing on global climatic stability. Global climate fortuitously passed through a shift from a warmer NH to a warmer SH during the study period. The ENSO appears to act as a hemispheric energy balancing mechanism. There were significant changes in global atmospheric function when the hemispheric energy balance shifted in favor of the Southern Hemisphere about 1966. When applied to past climates, hemispheric dominance of global climate and related patterns of periodic stability could explain the rise and fall of some complex hierarchical social systems

Introduction: A Perspective from the Humanities—Science Boundary.

The articles in this special issue range across such influences on climate as solar emissions, orbital precession, atmosphere, oceans, and precipitation, and generally approach, each in some context, human implications of these phenomena. The common underlying theme of all of the papers is the effect the phenomena have on radiation balance as measured by global average temperature. This introductory paper undertakes a formulation of radiation balance theory that makes it serviceable to students of regional science. The objective is to go beyond inference of cause and effect by correlation to causal accounts of cause and effect through regional climatic and cultural processes. This is accomplished primarily by revisualization of the energy system with regions as dependent spatiotemporal entities, and temporally through a protocol for regional episode definition

Impact: The Effect of Climatic Change on Prehistoric and Modern Cultures in Texas (First Progress Report)

The pages of this report contain an assortment of materials which reflect the status of climatic change studies at The University of Texas at San Antonio. The effort is interdisciplinary, drawing on'the talents of persons trained in geography, prehistory, anthropology, and mathematics and other fields. The goals of the project include (1) efforts to understand how prehistoric and modern economies respond to significant climatic changes and (2) the application of such understanding to our own time and nation. Long-term climatic change as an important factor in the everyday life of 20th century people is a relatively recent issue. With notable exceptions, attitudes toward climate during the last century have been fostered by increasingly warmer and more comfortable winters, longer growing seasons and consequently higher agricultural productivity. Only in the last decade have the energy crisis and increasingly severe winters combined to create a general public awareness of the instability of global climate. Public awareness has risen to the point that there is a best-selling book on the topic, entitled CZimates of Hunger by Bryson and Thomas. One can hardly open a newspaper today without seeing an article on the impact of climates. By contrast, prehistorians are often brought face-to-face with evidence of cataclysmic climatic shifts. The climatic concerns expressed in the following pages originated out of prehistoric archaeology where climatic change is often a direct mechanism affecting cultural change. For instance, an article Wenland and Bryson published in the journal Quaternary Research demonstrates that most of the prehistoric cultures identified by archaeologists started and ended during recognized periods of radical climatic change. Although our research interests started with prehistory, we very soon widened the scope to include problems of modern climatic change. The reason was that ideas which explain prehistoric relationships between climate and culture are, at least in part, most easily tested by examining weather data carefully collected by the weather services of various nations over the last few years. The realization that the past could be studied through the present, and vice-versa, eventually led to expanded research into historic and modern records for climatic patterns. Also, our sense of the usefulness of these efforts has grown. In the context of a growing demand for practical applications from all fields of research, we feel that our research will lead to a better understanding of the climatic forces affecting our own times, and to direct assistance to those responsible for planning our future national needs

Bajo Sediments and The Hydraulic System Of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico

Maya Lowlands climate researchers have set aside earlier beliefs that Maya civilization flourished in an unchanging environment. Analyses of river discharge, weather patterns, lake-bottom sediments, and settlement patterns reveal a highly variable climate, considerable diversity in local geology and soils, and a wide range of cultural adaptations tailored to distinctive subregional settings. Significant knowledge gaps remain. Among the unanswered questions is how cities in the elevated interior were maintained without natural, permanent bodies of water even during equitable climatic conditions, much less through the episodes of severe drought that have become apparent in studies of past climates. The research reported in this article lays the groundwork for climate studies in the southwestern Yucatan Peninsula

A Framework for the Middle-Late Holocene Transition: Astronomical and Geophysical Conditions

The Middle-Late Holocene transition around 2,500 B.C. is one of the defining episodes of regional landscape changes in the Southeastern United States area and throughout the world. Coeval cultural and climatic changes are recognized locally and worldwide. Analyzing local cultural change records while incognizant of the shifts in global scale context can lead to misunderstandings of the reasons for changes. Studies of the global climate processes suggest that climate differences between the Middle and Late Holocene could emanate from astronomical and geophysical influences. The influences include variations in the earth's rotational tilt, solar emissions, global-scale volcanism, and atmospheric chemistry. How do these quantities affect watershed-sized landscapes? Resolving this question requires a landscape-oriented analysis of global climate forces. A "looking-up" perspective on global climate is proposed that is compatible with the needs of archaeological analysis, and which supplements the "looking down" emphasis of climatology. The looking-up perspective takes advantage of the variability and long term cyclicity of global climate. Regional climate impacts of global change are modeled using modern climate processes to test for sensitivity of regional hydrology to global change, especially seasonality of precipitation. Landscape impact hypotheses are suggested in anticipation of further study

Global Temperature Stability by Rule Induction: An Interdisciplinary Bridge

Rules incorporating influences on global temperature, an estimate of radiation balance, were induced from astronomical, geophysical, and anthropogenic variables. During periods of intermediate global temperatures (generally like the present century), the influences assume canceling roles; influences cancel the effects of extreme states potentially imposed by other influences because they are, in aggregate, most likely to be assuming opposite values. This imparts an overall stability to the global temperature. To achieve cold or hot global temperature, influences assume reinforcing roles. CO2 is an active influence on global temperature. By virtue of its constancy in the atmosphere, it can be expected to sponsor frequent hot years in combination with the other influences as they cycle through their periods. If measures were implemented to maintain warm or cool global temperatures, it could retain the status quo of present global agricultural regions. They are probably more productive than hot world regions would be because of narrow storm tracks

The Hitzfelder Bone Collection

The purpose of this study is to assess and re-examine the Hitzfelder Cave skeletal collection. In addition, a brief summary of the previous excavations of the cave is included. It is hoped that the osteological study presented will be of assistance in comparative studies with other osteological information from burials within the area

Laguna de Terminos/Rio Candelaria Delta Core: Conditions of Sustainable Urban Occupation in the Interior of the Yucatan Peninsula

Pursuit of a link between the collapse of Maya civilization and climate is a subject that has been revisited periodically for nearly a century. In the 1980s, we began to develop a climatic, paleoclimatic, and ethnographic model of horticultural production that would sustain urban life in an environment fundamentally hostile to large population aggregates. Our focus is on the appropriate conditions for the success of civilization, measured by architectural fluorescence, in the interior upland basins of the Yucatan Peninsula. To this we have added new research linking the now-collapsed interior cities and their bajo environments to near-shore deposits at the mouths of rivers. This study is based on the Candelaria River watershed of the southwestern Maya Lowlands in the modern Mexican state of Campeche. Campeche is separated from other regions of the Yucatan Peninsula by hills up to 400m elevation. These elevated interior lands create important rain shadow effects, limitations on land use, and divide the landscape into valleys and basins. Past climates, local geography, and horticultural customs appear to be important to the success of civilizations in the interior. Results of the recent coring efforts suggest that the Maya of the Candelaria watershed controlled erosion during the period of greatest population, but lost control of it during the vigorous climatic oscillations of the ninth-thirteenth centuries, which include extreme episodes of drought, excessive rainfall, and population dislocations. Abstracto La búsqueda de un eslabón que sirviera de enlace del colapso de la civilización maya con el clima, es un proyecto que ha sido retomado periódicamente durante casi un siglo de estudios de esta civilización. Durante la década de los 80´s, nosotros comenzamos a desarrollar un modelo climático, paleoclimático y etnográfico de producción hortícola que ayudaría a sostener (sustentar-alimentar) un núcleo de vida urbana en un ambiente fundamentalmente hostil a grandes conjuntos de poblaciones. Nuestro enfoque en este estudio es para tratar de encontrar las condiciones apropiadas para el éxito de un núcleo de civilización basado en el florecimiento arquitectónico urbano en las cuencas interiores de las tierras altas con ambientes adversos. Hemos añadido a esas investigaciones unos conceptos nuevos, combinando lo que sabemos de las ciudades del interior, ya abandonadas, y su medio ambiente, incluyendo en este estudio, las zonas bajas de la región con depósitos aluviales cerca de las orillas de los estuarios de los ríos. Este estudio está basado en la cuenca del río Candelaria que fluye por las tierras bajas de la zona maya en el actual estado mexicano de Campeche. Campeche está separado de otras regiones de la Península de Yucatán por cerros de hasta 400m de altura. Estas tierras elevadas del interior, generan lluvias copiosas, limitando el mejor aprovechamiento en el uso del suelo y demarcan el paisaje en valles y bajos. Los climas benignos del pasado en esta área geográfica local y las tradicionales costumbres hortícolas parecen que fueron muy importantes para lograr el florecimiento de la civilización en el interior del área maya. Los resultados obtenidos de las recientes muestras obtenidas del fondo del río Candelaria, nos sugieren que los mayas establecidos en esta cuenca regularon con obras los efectos de la erosión en su período de mayor florecimiento poblacional, pero se perdió este control durante las vigorosas oscilaciones climáticos de los siglos 9º y 13º que incluyen episodios extremos de sequía, lluvia excesiva y la dislocación de poblaciones